Linux中有非常多很有用的命令，比如ps, top, vmstat等等，这些是应用比较广泛的，广为人知的。还有一些命令，非常有用，但是应用并不是十分广泛，如果充分利用这些命令，有时可以完成一些复杂的任务，起到很奇妙的效果。今天就来介绍几个这样的命令：
Could the command-line tools you've forgotten or never knew save time and some frustration?
One incarnation of the so called 80/20 rule has been associated with software systems. It has been observed that 80% of a user population regularly uses only 20% of a system's features. Without backing this up with hard statistics, my 20+ years of building and using software systems tells me that this hypothesis is probably true. The collection of linux command-line programs is no exception to this generalization. Of the dozens of shell-level commands offered by Linux, perhaps only ten commands are commonly understood and utilized, and the remaining majority are virtually ignored.
Which of these dogs of the linux shell have the most value to offer? I'll briefly describe ten of the less popular but useful Linux shell commands, those which I have gotten some mileage from over the years. Specifically, I've chosen to focus on commands that parse and format textual content.
The working examples presented here assume a basic familiarity with command-line syntax, simple shell constructs and some of the not-so-uncommon linux commands. Even so, the command-line examples are fairly well commented and straightforward. Whenever practical, the output of usage examples is presented under each command-line execution.
The following eight commands parse, format and display textual content. Although not all provided examples demonstrate this, be aware that the following commands will read from standard input if file arguments are not presented.
- Head/Tail
As their names imply, head and tail are used to display some amount of the top or bottom of a text block. head presents beginning of a file to standard output while tail does the same with the end of a file. Review the following commented examples:
## (1) displays the first 6 lines of a file
head -6 readme.txt
## (2) displays the last 25 lines of a file
tail -25 mail.txt
Here's an example of using head and tail in concert to display the 11th through 20th line of a file.
# (3)
head -20 file | tail -10
Manual pages show that the tail command has more command-line options than head. One of the more useful tail option is -f. When it is used, tail does not return when end-of-file is detected, unless it is explicitly interrupted. Instead, tail sleeps for a period and checks for new lines of data that may have been appended since the last read.
## (4) display ongoing updates to the given
## log file
tail -f /usr/tmp/logs/daemon_log.txt
Imagine that a dæmon process was continually appending activity logs to the /usr/adm/logs/daemon_log.txt file. Using tail -f at a console window, for example, will more or less track all updates to the file in real time. (The -f option is applicable only when tail's input is a file).
If you give multiple arguments to tail, you can track several log files in the same window.
## track the mail log and the server error log
## at the same time.
tail -f /var/log/mail.log /var/log/apache/error_log
- tac--Concatenate in Reverse
What is cat spelled backwards? Well, that's what tac's functionality is all about. It concatenates file order and their contents in reverse. So what's its usefulness? It can be used on any task that requires ordering elements in a last-in, first-out (LIFO) manner. Consider the following command line to list the three most recently established user accounts from the most recent through the least recent.
# (5) last 3 /etc/passwd records - in reverse
$ tail -3 /etc/passwd | tac
curly:x:1003:100:3rd Stooge:/homes/curly:/bin/ksh
larry:x:1002:100:2nd Stooge:/homes/larry:/bin/ksh
moe:x:1001:100:1st Stooge:/homes/moe:/bin/ksh
- nl--Numbered Line Output
nl is a simple but useful numbering filter. I displays input with each line numbered in the left margin, in a format dictated by command-line options. nl provides a plethora of options that specify every detail of its numbered output. The following commented examples demonstrate some of of those options:
# (6) Display the first 4 entries of the password
# file - numbers to be three columns wide and
# padded by zeros.
$ head -4 /etc/passwd | nl -nrz -w3
001root:x:0:1:Super-User:/:/bin/ksh
002daemon:x:1:1::/:
003bin:x:2:2::/usr/bin:
004sys:x:3:3::/:
#
# (7) Prepend ordered line numbers followed by an
# '=' sign to each line -- start at 101.
$ nl -s= -v101 Data.txt
101=1st Line ...
102=2nd Line ...
103=3rd Line ...
104=4th Line ...
105=5th Line ...
.......
- fmt--format
The fmt command is a simple text formatter that focuses on making textual data conform to a maximum line width. It accomplishes this by joining and breaking lines around white space. Imagine that you need to maintain textual content that was generated with a word processor. The exported text may contain lines whose lengths vary from very short to much longer than a standard screen length. If such text is to be maintained in a text editor (like vi), fmt is the command of choice to transform the original text into a more maintainable format. The first example below shows fmt being asked to reformat file contents as text lines no greater than 60 characters long.
# (8) No more than 60 char lines
$ fmt -w 60 README.txt > NEW_README.txt
#
# (9) Force uniform spacing:
# 1 space between words, 2 between sentences
$ echo "Hello World. Hello Universe." |
fmt -u -w80
Hello World. Hello Universe.
- fold--Break Up Input
fold is similar to fmt but is used typically to format data that will be used by other programs, rather than to make the text more readable to the human eye. The commented examples below are fairly easy to follow:
# (10) format text in 3 column width lines
$ echo oxoxoxoxo | fold -w3
oxo
xox
oxo
# (11) Parse by triplet-char strings -
# search for 'xox'
$ echo oxoxoxoxo | fold -w3 | grep "xox"
xox
# (12) One way to iterate through a string of chars
$ for i in $(echo 12345 | fold -w1)
> do
> ### perform some task ...
> print $i
> done
1
2
3
4
5
上面的例子似乎不那么有效，更加有效的方法是：
for i in `seq 5`; do print $i;done
seq(1) allows to define start, stop, step and more.
- tr
# (13) tr usage
tr [options] "set1" ["set2"] <> output
Note that tr does not accept file arguments; it reads from standard input and writes to standard output. When two character sets are provided, tr operates on the characters contained in "set1" and performs some amount of substitution based on "set2".
- pr
pr shares features with simpler commands like nl and fmt, but its command-line options make it ideal for converting text files into a format that's suitable for printing. pr offers options that allow you to specify page length, column width, margins, headers/footers, double line spacing and more.
Aside from being the best suited formatter for printing tasks, pr also offers other useful features. These features include allowing you to view multiple files vertically in adjacent columns or columnizing a list in a fixed number of columns.
- Miscellaneous
Basename/Dirname
The basename and dirname commands are useful for presenting portions of a given file path. Quite often in scripting situations, it's convenient to be able to parse and capture a file name or the containing-directory name portions of a file path. These commands reduce this task to a simple one-line command. (There are other ways to approach this using the Korn shell or sed "magic", but basename and dirname are more portable and straightforward).
basename is used to strip off the directory, and optionally, the file suffix parts of a file path. Consider the following trivial examples:
:# (14) Parse out the Java Class name
$ basename
/usr/local/src/java/TheClass.java .java
TheClass
# (15) Parse out the file name.
$ basename srcs/C/main.c
main.c
dirname is used to display the containing directory path, as much of the path as is provided. Consider the following examples:
# (16) absolute and relative directory examples
$ dirname /homes/curly/.profile
/homes/curly
$ dirname curly/.profile
curly
#
# (17) From any korn-shell script, the following
# line will assign the directory from where
# the script was launched
SCRIPT_HOME="$(dirname $(whence $0))"
#
# (18)
# Okay, how about a non-trivial practical example?
# List all directories (under $PWD that contain a
# file called 'core'.
$ for i in $(find $PWD -name core )^
> do
> dirname $i
> done | sort -u
bin
rje/gcc
src/C
至此，这几个命令就介绍完了，希望能给你的工作带来帮助，如果要更详细地用法，可以参考man命令的帮助。
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